{"id":4651,"date":"2025-03-21T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-21T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/?p=4651"},"modified":"2025-03-14T17:12:40","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T17:12:40","slug":"chicago-1893-incendie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/chicago-1893-incendie\/","title":{"rendered":"Exposition de Chicago 1893 Aussit\u00f4t finie aussit\u00f4t d\u00e9truite"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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L'exposition universelle de Chicago en 1893. 250 ha pour accueillir la ville blanche et ses 200 b\u00e2timents majectueux.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sur un terrain vierge de 2,4 km2 en zone mar\u00e9cageuse sur les rives du lac Michigan, les quelques\u00a0 200 b\u00e2timents entour\u00e9s de lacs, d\u2019\u00eeles, de canaux, de lagunes agr\u00e9ment\u00e9s de statues, de fontaines ont rendu cet endroit d\u2019une beaut\u00e9 rarement \u00e9gal\u00e9e.
Malgr\u00e9 les apparentes, tous les b\u00e2timents \u00e0 armatures m\u00e9talliques \u00e9taiient habill\u00e9s de bois, pl\u00e2tres et de staff. Seul le palais des Beaux Arts subsiste encore aujourd’hui tout en ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 reconstruit en 1933.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Dates<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0 1er<\/sup> mai au 30 octobre 1893
Th\u00e8me<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0 400e anniversaire de la d\u00e9couverte de l’Am\u00e9rique par Christophe Colomb 1492\u00a0
Lieu<\/strong>\u00a0: Jackson Park
Superficie<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0 278 ha
Visiteurs<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0 27, 5 millions\u00a0\u00a0
Pays<\/strong> participants<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0 45
Exposants\u00a0<\/strong>: 70\u00a0000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25\u00a0000 d\u2019Am\u00e9rique,\u00a0 2\u00a0700 de France, 2\u00a0200 de Grande-Bretagne, 4\u00a0000 d\u2019Allemagne
Concepteur\u00a0<\/strong>: Daniel Burnham
El\u00e9ment marquant<\/strong> : Midway Plaisance, le premier parc d’attraction
D\u00e9penses<\/strong>: environ 28\u00a0 millions de $
B\u00e9n\u00e9fices<\/strong>\u00a0: 446\u00a0 832$<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Apr\u00e8s la fermeture<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Extrait\u00a0 du livre: Campbell illustrated history worlds Columbian exposition<\/em>
\u00ab\u00a0On estime que 50 000 personnes ont p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans le parc le jour de l’An. Elles ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 arriver t\u00f4t le matin et ont continu\u00e9 tout au long de la journ\u00e9e, \u00e0 pied, \u00e0 v\u00e9lo, en cal\u00e8ches, profitant toutes de la libert\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique des diff\u00e9rentes all\u00e9es et avenues, et avoir une autre vue sur la vaste \u00e9tendue des b\u00e2timents de l’Exposition.\u00a0\u00bb
<\/em><\/strong>C’\u00e9tait quelques jours avant le\u00a0 premier incendie, il avait-il un pr\u00e9sentiment, en tout cas il faut se mettre dans le contexte de l\u2019\u00e9poque, une manifestation aussi grandiose qu\u2019une exposition universelle ne pouvait que laisser de la nostalgie aupr\u00e8s de la population qui cherchait le moindre pr\u00e9texte \u00e0 \u00a0revoir les lieux qui les ont fait r\u00eaver durant 6 mois.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Chicago. Trois incendies qui ont d\u00e9truit tout le parc des expositions - 4 janvier 1894 - 14 f\u00e9vrier 1894 - 5 juillet 1894<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lors des incendies, des dizaines de milliers de personnes sont venues voir la destruction par les flammes de tous ces b\u00e2timents qu’ils avaient visit\u00e9s quelques mois avant.<\/strong>

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\u00a0Ce sont trois\u00a0 \u00a0incendies qui ont quasiment laiss\u00e9 que des ruines des b\u00e2timents du site de Jackson Park.\u00a0
Des vagabonds \u00e9taient \u00e0 l\u2019origine des incendies d’apr\u00e8s les quelques informations que l’on retrouvent.
L’excellent livre de Erik Larson \u00a0\u00bb Le diable dans la ville blanche \u00a0\u00bb m’a permis de comprendre la situation \u00e0 Chicago apr\u00e8s la fermeture de l’exposition.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Extrait du livre de Erik Larson \u00a0\u00bb Le diable dans la ville blanche \u00ab\u00a0
\u00ab\u00a0Suite \u00e0 sa cl\u00f4ture officielle, des milliers d\u2019ouvriers suppl\u00e9mentaires rejoignirent l\u2019arm\u00e9e grandissante des ch\u00f4meurs, et des sans-abri se r\u00e9fugi\u00e8rent dans les palais abandonn\u00e9s de Jackson Park. \u00abLes pauvres ressortirent amaigris et affam\u00e9s du terrible hiver qui suivit la Foire mondiale,\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9crivit le romancier Robert Herrick dans e Web of Life. La ville prodigue avait engag\u00e9 toutes ses forces dans cette superbe entreprise et, ayant montr\u00e9 au monde la fleur supr\u00eame de son \u00e9nergie, elle s\u2019\u00e9tait effondr\u00e9e.\u00a0 Cet \u00e9norme costume<\/strong><\/em>
\u00e9tait trop grand pour elle ; des milles et des milles de boutiques, d\u2019h\u00f4tels et d\u2019immeubles vides attestaient sa d\u00e9cadence. Des dizaines de milliers d\u2019\u00eatres humains, attir\u00e9s vers la cit\u00e9 festive par des salaires anormaux, se retrouvaient soudain \u00e0 l\u2019abandon, sans nourriture ni droit de s\u2019abriter dans ses logements libres d\u2019occupants.\u00bb\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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R\u00e9volte des sans-abris, chomeurs et des gr\u00e9vistes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 cette catastrophe humaine la col\u00e8re grondait depuis d\u00e9j\u00e0 fort longtemps notamment parmi les ouvriers de l\u2019homme d\u2019affaire George Pullman, l\u2019inventeur des wagons lits.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u00a0Pullman avait acquis un immense patrimoine immobilier dans le sud de Chicago et savait exploiter ses ouvriers et locataires comme un baron f\u00e9odal.<\/strong>
D\u2019ailleurs ce secteur de ville s\u2019appelait Pullman, on y trouvait\u00a0 des maisons, des magasins, une \u00e9glise, des th\u00e9\u00e2tres, des parcs, un h\u00f4tel et une biblioth\u00e8que pour les ouvriers de l\u2019usine Pullman.<\/strong>
L\u2019exposition universelle lui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fort profitable.<\/strong>
Les gr\u00e8ves se succ\u00e9daient et le 11 mai 1894, 2 000 ouvriers entr\u00e8rent en gr\u00e8ve suivi en juillet de gr\u00e8ves \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la nation.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Les chemins de fer \u00e9taient arr\u00eataient , 125 000 cheminots \u00e9taient en gr\u00e8ve stoppant tout le\u00a0 trafic ferroviaire \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de Chicago. Le pr\u00e9sident Cleveland avait envoy\u00e9 \u00e0 Chicago des troupes et le 7 juillet des gardes nationaux tir\u00e8rent sur la foule tuant plus de trente personnes<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Premier incendie du 4 janvier 1894<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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L’incendie est survenu alors qu’il ne restait que 240 gardes alors que pendant l\u2019ouverture ils \u00e9taient 3 000. Les mat\u00e9riels de protection d\u2019incendie avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la fermeture et dans les b\u00e2timents il restait encore beaucoup de mat\u00e9riels.<\/strong>
Rappelons aussi que les b\u00e2timents \u00e9taient en armature fer mais l\u2019habillage \u00e9tait en bois, pl\u00e2tre, ciment\u00a0 et une fibre.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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1 – D\u00e9but de l’incendie dans le haut du casino.<\/strong>
2 – D\u00e9part de feu du b\u00e2timent agricole<\/strong>
3 – Propagation du feu sur le P\u00e9ristyle<\/strong>
4 – Destruction du Music Hall<\/strong>
5 – Incendie de la toiture le la manufacture des arts lib\u00e9raux.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Deuxi\u00e8me incendie du 14 f\u00e9vrier 1894<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Beaucoup de pompiers on \u00e9t\u00e9 mobilis\u00e9 une fois de plus pour lutter contre les flammes dans le b\u00e2timent agricole. Il y avait encore beaucoup de marchandises dont certaines avaient pu \u00eatre retir\u00e9es.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Troisi\u00e8me incendie du 5 juillet 1894<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cette fois\u00a0 un pompier mort et un autre fut gri\u00e9vement bless\u00e9. Beaucoup d\u2019autres avaient failli y laisser la vie. Le feu avait commenc\u00e9 dans le b\u00e2timent de la gare terminal et s’\u00e9tait \u00e9tendu \u00e0 tous les autres.<\/strong>
Une centaine de milliers de personnes \u00e9taient venues voir le du secteur sud disparaitre mise \u00e0 part la statue de la R\u00e9publique<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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1 – D\u00e9but de l’incendie, le terminal ferroviaire<\/strong>
2 – Le b\u00e2timent administratif<\/strong>
3 – Le b\u00e2timent des mines\u00a0<\/strong>
4 – Le b\u00e2timent de l’\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/strong>
5 – Le b\u00e2timent dela manufacture des arts lib\u00e9raux.
6 – Le b\u00e2timent de l’agriculture
7 – Le b\u00e2timent des machines<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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La statue de la R\u00e9publique qui paradait sur le plan d’eau de la cour d’honneur a r\u00e9sist\u00e9 aux trois incendies mais fut d\u00e9truite le 28 ao\u00fbt 1896.<\/strong>
On peut l’apercevoir sur les images du dessus<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\"\"<\/a>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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L\u2019exposition universelle de Chicago en 1893, vu son importance pouvait s\u2019apparenter \u00e0 une grande ville.<\/strong>
Claude Nougaro aurait pu s\u2019en inspirer lorqu\u2019il a \u00e9crit sa c\u00e9l\u00e8bre chanson \u00ab\u00a0Il y avait une ville\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>

Malheureusement ce drame ne fut pas le seul pour cette exposition universelle,
<\/strong>mais cela fera l’objet d’un autre article.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>

Chicagology<\/a><\/h3>

Source\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Source<\/em>
Le livre de Erik Larson <\/strong>
\u00a0\u00bb Le diable dans la ville blanche \u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’exposition universelle de Chicago en 1893. 250 ha pour accueillir la ville blanche et ses 200 b\u00e2timents majectueux. Sur un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4675,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-letranger","category-chicago-1893"],"yoast_head":"\nExposition de Chicago 1893 Aussit\u00f4t finie aussit\u00f4t d\u00e9truite<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Exposition universelle de Chicago 1893 Aussit\u00f4t finie aussit\u00f4t d\u00e9truite. 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