{"id":3480,"date":"2025-02-11T13:39:27","date_gmt":"2025-02-11T13:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/?p=3480"},"modified":"2025-02-12T15:41:48","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T15:41:48","slug":"la-tour-eiffel-et-les-projets-concurrents","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/la-tour-eiffel-et-les-projets-concurrents\/","title":{"rendered":"La tour Eiffel et les projets concurrents"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3480\" class=\"elementor elementor-3480\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb0ae61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bb0ae61\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e10550 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e10550\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07bb8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07bb8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/tour-Eiffel-r1coqrz44sxjmqo403hlhwhcjlx4hbjme3e1n3i03k.jpg\" title=\"tour Eiffel\" alt=\"tour Eiffel\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4e8f98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4e8f98\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d119ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d119ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">la course \u00e0 la tour de 1000 pieds (304,80m)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85aaafc elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85aaafc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vers la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle le monde industriel en plein \u00e9moi voulait montrer son savoir faire et la construction d&rsquo;une tour de 1000 pieds \u00e9tait sujet \u00e0 discussion dans les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieurs d&rsquo;Europe et d&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Avant Gustave Eifel et sa tour de 300 m\u00e8tres qui \u00e0 domin\u00e9 l&rsquo;exposition universelle de Paris en 1889 d&rsquo;autres projets devaient voir le jour.<br \/><\/strong>Henri de Parville dans son livre Causeries scientifiques disait <em><strong>\u00ab\u00a0Une grande partie du monde civilis\u00e9 a pass\u00e9 sous cet immense arc de triomphe, symbole de la victoire du g\u00e9nie humain\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad7315b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ad7315b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20576e2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"20576e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94b99f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b94b99f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dce00b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dce00b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9e77d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f9e77d1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e91052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e91052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La colonne de la r\u00e9forme de Richard Trevithick. 1832<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bea264 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7bea264\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5498e5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5498e5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07431c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07431c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En 1832, le britannique Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) lance une souscription pour accueillir des cotisations pour la construction d&rsquo;une tour de mille pieds en fonte dont la base serait de 30m de c\u00f4t\u00e9\u00a0 et 3,60m au sommet. Elle serait compos\u00e9 de 1 500 plaques de fonte de 3m de c\u00f4t\u00e9 et 5cm d&rsquo;\u00e9paisseur\u00a0 boulonn\u00e9es entre elles et d&rsquo;un poids total de 6 000 tonnes.<br \/>Au sommet sur une plateforme de 15 m \u00a0de diam\u00e8tre on y trouverait une statue de 12 m de haut<\/strong><br \/><strong>Un conduit central de 1,80m de diam\u00e8tre accueillerait un ascenseur m\u00fb dans un tube-piston amenant les visiteurs t\u00e9m\u00e9raires au sommet en 5mn.\u00a0<\/strong><br \/><strong>Richard Trevithick avait invent\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re machine \u00e0 vapeur et le premier train tract\u00e9 par une locomotive \u00e0 vapeur.<\/strong><br \/><strong>\u00a0Il pr\u00e9senta le 1er mars 1833 son projet au roi Guillaume mais il d\u00e9c\u00e9da le 21 avril de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e dans la pauvret\u00e9 et sa tour sombra dans les oublis.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fa92be e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fa92be\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2466aad elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2466aad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Britannique-Richard-Trevithick.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3492\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Britannique-Richard-Trevithick.jpg 471w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Britannique-Richard-Trevithick-236x300.jpg 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede082a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ede082a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94a7870 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94a7870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b51289b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b51289b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e8b172 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e8b172\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-297f047a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"297f047a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794c6288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"794c6288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'ob\u00e9lisque de Washington<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fd3a3f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fd3a3f1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88af14b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88af14b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26ff1595 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26ff1595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En 1848, les am\u00e9ricains d\u00e9cident d\u2019\u00e9lever un ob\u00e9lisque \u00e0 Washington de 183m3 de haut. Les travaux furent suspendus en raison d\u2019une inclinaison inqui\u00e9tante d\u00e8s la hauteur de 46m.<br \/><\/strong><strong>\u00a0En 1877, avec de nouvelles fondations la construction repris mais pour une hauteur de 169m a raison de 30m par an.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Sa base mesure 16.69m au carr\u00e9 et10,69m au sommet. A l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur sur une hauteur de 45m, la tour \u00e0 7,67m de diam\u00e8tre, au dessus elle ne fait que 9,63 de diam\u00e8tre.<br \/>L&rsquo;ob\u00e9lisque est en granit et le parement en marbre blanc. Un ascenseur \u00e0 vapeur servit \u00e0 monter les mat\u00e9riaux et ensuite pour les visiteurs d\u00e9sireux de s&rsquo;\u00e9pargner 35mn d&rsquo;ascension des 910 marches de l&rsquo;escalier.<br \/>Inaugur\u00e9 le 20 f\u00e9vrier\u00a0 1885, l&rsquo;ob\u00e9lisque de Washington \u00e9tait le plus haut monument du monde avec ses 169m de hauteur. Toujours en place aujourd&rsquo;hui.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-340a41f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"340a41f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34dc4df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"34dc4df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"415\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/obelisque-de-Washington.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3494\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/obelisque-de-Washington.jpg 415w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/obelisque-de-Washington-207x300.jpg 207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-149a4f3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"149a4f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b942d8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7b942d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1f7964 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f1f7964\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5efdb685 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5efdb685\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b9ab8de e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b9ab8de\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fdd856d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3fdd856d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tour de mille pieds  des am\u00e9ricains Clarke et Reeves. 1874<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47fbf912 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47fbf912\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-421ddcd8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"421ddcd8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da1336a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da1336a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En 1874, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du centenaire de la\u00a0d\u00e9claration d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance des \u00c9tats-Unis de l\u2019exposition universelle de Philadelphie de 1876, les c\u00e9l\u00e8bres ing\u00e9nieurs am\u00e9ricains Clarke et Reeves projettent de construire une tour de mille pieds.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une colonne de 9m de diam\u00e8tre maintenue en p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie par des haubans m\u00e9talliques de 45m \u00e0 la base et 9m au sommet. Un escalier en spirale et un ascenseur en permettait l\u2019ascension.<\/strong><br \/><strong>En raison du co\u00fbt d\u2019un million de dollar, le projet n\u2019a pas abouti<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-472b8698 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"472b8698\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ff20843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ff20843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/americains-Clarke-et-Reeves.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3491\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/americains-Clarke-et-Reeves.jpg 404w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/americains-Clarke-et-Reeves-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bac002 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0bac002\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45d9fec elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"45d9fec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d7a847 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"37d7a847\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b9d8c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10b9d8c1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e2cd57 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31e2cd57\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b79e9cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b79e9cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tour Mole Antonelliana de Alessandro Antonelli. 1863 <\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e793af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32e793af\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7878ae75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7878ae75\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d759c0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d759c0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La construction de la tour Mole Antonelliana de Turin a commenc\u00e9 en 1863.<br \/>Elle \u00e9tait destin\u00e9e \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 juive qui la vendit en 1877 \u00e0 la municipalit\u00e9 de Turin. A l&rsquo;origine la hauteur \u00e9tait de 47 m pour atteindre la hauteur actuelle de 167m. Elle subit de nombreuses transformations et accidents. En 1900 une statue \u00ab\u00a0Le g\u00e9nie ail\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb fut plac\u00e9 \u00e0 son sommet et remplac\u00e9e en 1904 par une \u00e9toile lors d&rsquo;une temp\u00eate.\u00a0<br \/>Elle abrite le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.museocinema.it\/it\/museo-e-fondazione-ma-prolo\/mole-antonelliana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mus\u00e9e du cin\u00e9ma de Turin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c007bbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c007bbb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec8ccb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec8ccb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40009cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"40009cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3480 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"40009cd\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"La tour Mole Antonelliana 1875\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzUyMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0xhLXRvdXItTW9sZS1BbnRvbmVsbGlhbmEtMTg3NS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI0MDAwOWNkIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Mole-Antonelliana-1875.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Mole-Antonelliana-1875-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-215f2df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"215f2df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663ec44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"663ec44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-3480 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"663ec44\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Mole Antonelliana de Turin\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQ5MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL01vbGUtQW50b25lbGxpYW5hLWRlLVR1cmluLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjY2M2VjNDQifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mole-Antonelliana-de-Turin.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mole-Antonelliana-de-Turin-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49b5adc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"49b5adc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03e6345 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"03e6345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25fc0f74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"25fc0f74\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c58950 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47c58950\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46afa76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46afa76c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23097a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"23097a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tour concurrente de la tour Eiffel de Am\u00e9d\u00e9e S\u00e9billot et Jules Bourdais<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69264811 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69264811\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801dd80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801dd80\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21a17b9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21a17b9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Appellons l\u00e0 plut\u00f4t le phare de l&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur Am\u00e9d\u00e9e S\u00e9billot, qui de retour des Etats Unis en 1881, propose \u00e0 son ami Jules Bourdais, une tour en granit surmont\u00e9e d&rsquo;un phare destin\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e9clairer Paris. Plusieurs villes des Etats Unis avaient exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 mais pour l&rsquo;\u00e9clairage de quartiers.<br \/>Les ann\u00e9es passent et la France d\u00e9cide d&rsquo;organiser la prochaine exposition universelle \u00e0 Paris en 1889.<br \/>Leur coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9bouche sur une tour de 370m, 300 m en granit et le reste en t\u00f4le.<br \/>Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de Levallois Perret, un des ing\u00e9nieur de Gustave Eiffel, M Nougier soumet les dessins d&rsquo;une tour. Apr\u00e8s quelques h\u00e9sitations et modifications, Gustave Eiffel est s\u00e9duit pour \u00e9riger une tour de 300m pour l&rsquo;exposition \u00e0 Paris. D&rsquo;autant que depuis pr\u00e8s de vingt ans les piles m\u00e9talliques pour diff\u00e9rents viaducs n&rsquo;avaient plus de secrets pour lui.<br \/>Parmi les nombreux projets pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;issu d&rsquo;un concours, le phare de granit de Jules Bourdais succitait plus d&rsquo;attention que la tour de Gustave Eiffel.<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b6ab316 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b6ab316\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e0698d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e0698d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/tou-Jules-Bourdais.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3528\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/tou-Jules-Bourdais.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/tou-Jules-Bourdais-191x300.jpg 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7df023c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7df023c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50a6cb1 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"50a6cb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4d279c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6b4d279c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59945037 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59945037\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d2fc6ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3d2fc6ee\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5889e232 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5889e232\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tour Eiffel ou la tour Bourdais?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b04fac0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b04fac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La guerre de la pierre contre le fer, de l\u2019architecte contre l\u2019ing\u00e9nieur<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1012ed43 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1012ed43\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8c2ceb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8c2ceb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-418bde63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"418bde63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jules Bourdais\u00a0 \u00e9tait un architecte fort connu apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 le concepteur avec Gabriel Davioud du palais du Trocad\u00e9ro et disposait de nombreux appui politique.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Le carnet de commande de Gustave Eiffel \u00e9tait bien rempli, il\u00a0 exportait dans le monde entier mais ne disposait pas de beaucoup de connaissances dans le monde politique.<br \/>L&rsquo;opinion public \u00e9tait favorable depuis longtemps \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation du fer en raison de son faible prix de revient , de sa grande solidit\u00e9 mais comme ossature pourvu qu&rsquo;il soit recouvert.\u00a0<\/strong><br \/><strong>Le vent changea de direction pour Gustave Eiffel apr\u00e8s avoir rencontr\u00e9 Edouard\u00a0 Lockroy, le nouveau ministre du Commerce et de l\u2019Industrie, d\u00e9fenseur de la tour.\u00a0 Le 1<sup>er<\/sup>\u00a0mai 1886,\u00a0 Edouard\u00a0 Lockroy lance un concours\u00a0 pour une tour en fer de 300 m de hauteur ce qui disqualifie\u00a0 Jules Bourdais et sa tour de granit.<\/strong><br \/><strong>De nombreux projets copi\u00e9s sur la tour de Gustave Eiffel sont propos\u00e9s\u00a0 mais nous connaissons\u00a0 tous le r\u00e9sultat.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Alors que les travaux \u00e9tait commenc\u00e9s, le 14 f\u00e9vrier 1887, parait dans le journal \u00ab Le temps \u00bb, une p\u00e9tition signai<\/strong><strong>t par de nombreux artistes initi\u00e9e par Charles Garnier, cr\u00e9ateur du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre Op\u00e9ra, contre la construction de la tour Eiffel, monstrueuse et inutile.<\/strong><br \/><strong>C\u2019\u00e9tait sans savoir que Gustave Eiffel, ami du r\u00e9dacteur en chef du journal, fut inform\u00e9 et riposta avec un droit de r\u00e9ponse imm\u00e9diate \u00e9crit sous l\u2019article. Ce qui disqualifia\u00a0 et ridiculisa\u00a0 la protestation des signataires.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42021bf4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42021bf4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48733c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"48733c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"507\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/eiffel.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3535\" alt=\"La tour Eiffel et les projets concurrents\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/eiffel.jpg 507w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/eiffel-230x300.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48080d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"48080d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fde7ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fde7ab\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efcd6bf elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"efcd6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/1887-02%20Petition%20Eiffel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Lien-www.gif\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2114\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/1887-02%20Petition%20Eiffel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">La p\u00e9tition contre la tour Eiffel et la r\u00e9ponse de G. Eiffel<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Journal \"Le temps\" page 4\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c01ae6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c01ae6b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a46e33e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a46e33e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db223fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"db223fc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793f8c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"793f8c7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c418c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0c418c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48f08d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d48f08d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparatif \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0243422 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0243422\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-703af54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"703af54\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f95cc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f95cc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>&#8211; Colonne de la place Vent\u00f4me: 43 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Colonne de la bastille: 47 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Balustrade de Notre-Dame de paris: 66 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Sommet du Panth\u00e9on: 79 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Capitole de Washington: 93 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Cath\u00e9rale d&rsquo;Amiens: 100 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Fl\u00e8che des Invalides: 105 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Coupole Saint Paul \u00e0 Londres: 110 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Clocher de la cath\u00e9drale e Chartres: 113 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Tour Saint Michel \u00e0 Bordeaux: 113 m<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a6bf40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a6bf40\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e8fedd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e8fedd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>&#8211; Fl\u00e8che de la cath\u00e9drale d&rsquo;Anvers: 120 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Coupole Saint Pierre de Rouen: 132 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; La tour Saint Etienne \u00e0 Vienne: 138 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Fl\u00e8che de la cath\u00e9drale de Strasbourg: 142 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Pyramide de Ch\u00e9ops. Egypte: 142 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Fl\u00e8che de la cath\u00e9drale de Rouen: 150 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Tour de la cath\u00e9drale de Cologne: 156 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Ob\u00e9lisque e Washington: 169 m<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; Tour de Mole Antonelliana \u00e0 Turin: 167 m<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-038ba1f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"038ba1f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d3ee5a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8d3ee5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f6ff072 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3f6ff072\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14868f12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14868f12\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209814ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"209814ac\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1565acb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1565acb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La tour Watkin de Londres. 1890<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22a71304 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22a71304\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6b0173 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d6b0173\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bf2d62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44bf2d62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Une rivalit\u00e9 Franco-Anglaise a toujours exist\u00e9, autant dire que le succ\u00e8s\u00a0 retentissement de la tour Eiffel lors de l&rsquo;exposition de 1889 a fait grinc\u00e9 beaucoup de dents.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Sir Edward Watkin, entrepreneur et membre du parlement Britannique, d\u00e9cide en 1890 de lancer un concours pour la construction d&rsquo;une tour.\u00a0 68 projets\u00a0 provenant du monde entier sont propos\u00e9s. La tour des ing\u00e9nieurs et architectes, Dunn, MacLaren et Stewart\u00a0a\u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9 retenu pour sa hauteur de\u00a0358m.<\/strong><br \/><strong>En 1891, Sir Edward Watkin avait achet\u00e9 un terrain mar\u00e9cageux de 280 ha dans la r\u00e9gion de Wembley pour y \u00e9difier la tour avec un parc qui accueillerait des magasins, th\u00e9\u00e2tre, h\u00f4tel, restaurants, bain turc et un jardin d&rsquo;hiver.<br \/><\/strong><strong>La construction avait commenc\u00e9 en 1892 mais des probl\u00e8mes sont survenus rapidement. En raison du sol mar\u00e9cageux l&rsquo;\u00e9difice penchait <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acbf4c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acbf4c2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60f7dc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60f7dc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin-1024x629.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3551\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin-1024x629.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin-768x472.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin-1536x943.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Tour-Watkin.jpg 1643w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb97c14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb97c14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"638\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin-1024x638.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3552\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin-1024x638.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin-1536x957.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/La-tour-Watkin.jpg 1552w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97d5208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"97d5208\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d754d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d754d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>dangereusement. Alors que le parc \u00e9tait ouvert au public en 1894, les travaux se sont arr\u00eat\u00e9s et la tour ne mesurait que 47m.\u00a0<br \/><\/strong><strong>En 1899, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Sir Edwart Watkin fait faillite et les travaux sont abandonn\u00e9s.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Il d\u00e9c\u00e9dera en 1901 et la tour fut d\u00e9moli en 1906.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Voil\u00e0 pourquoi les anglais pr\u00e9f\u00e8re cacher cette histoire peu glorieuse. Mais le site lui a eu plus de succ\u00e8s puisque en 1923 y fut inaugur\u00e9 le fameux\u00a0 stade de Wembley.<\/strong><br \/><strong><em>Petite anecdote: Lors de la r\u00e9novation du stade en 2000, les fondations de la tour ont \u00e9t\u00e9 red\u00e9couvertes.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d185c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61d185c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0260050 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0260050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fbdea4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1fbdea4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2896c078 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2896c078\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b99e691 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b99e691\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2094f033 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2094f033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Et apr\u00e8s la tour Eiffel<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1650f0ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1650f0ae\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6391fb52 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6391fb52\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cd8a010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cd8a010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En 1930, le Chrysler Building de New York devient le plus haut \u00e9difice du monde avec 319m.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Con\u00e7u par l\u2019architecte William Van Alen pour le grand industriel automobile Walter Chrysler, cet \u00e9difice \u00e0 l&rsquo;architecture art D\u00e9co construit en seulement 2 ans reste encore aujourd&rsquo;hui la fiert\u00e9 de New York.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>Source site: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/chrysler.fr\/histoire-et-architecture-du-chrysler-building\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chrysler<\/a><br \/>Un an apr\u00e8s, en 1831, c&rsquo;est l&rsquo;Empire State Building qui prend le record avec 381 m de hauteur<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57b0ba0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"57b0ba0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8949358 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8949358\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-902b00e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"902b00e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-3480 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"902b00e\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Chrysler Building\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU1OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0NocnlzbGVyLUJ1aWxkaW5nLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjkwMmIwMGUifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Chrysler-Building.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Chrysler-Building-300x292.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Chrysler-Building-300x292.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Chrysler-Building-768x748.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Chrysler-Building.jpg 772w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e3e90f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"69e3e90f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-349f90f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"349f90f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c3c7483 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c3c7483\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7bbdab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b7bbdab\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56718ef7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56718ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>A ce jour, c&rsquo;est\u00a0 la Burj Khalifa, \u00e0 Duba\u00ef qui d\u00e9tient le record de 828m de hauteur depuis 2009.<br \/>Les travaux ont dur\u00e9 5 ans et co\u00fbt\u00e9 1 milliard d\u2019euros.<br \/><\/b><strong>Les 160 \u00e9tages de la tour abritent, h\u00f4tel, bureaux, appartements de luxe\u2026<\/strong><br \/><strong>On y trouve le plus haut restaurant du monde.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea32edc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea32edc\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ff83e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"d6ff83e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-3480 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d6ff83e\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Burj Khalifa. Duba\u00ef\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzU2OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0J1cmotS2hhbGlmYS4tRHViYWkuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiZDZmZjgzZSJ9\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Burj-Khalifa.-Dubai.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Burj-Khalifa.-Dubai-300x169.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Burj-Khalifa.-Dubai-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Burj-Khalifa.-Dubai.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>la course \u00e0 la tour de 1000 pieds (304,80m) Vers la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle le monde industriel en plein [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3535,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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