{"id":3377,"date":"2025-02-09T17:32:34","date_gmt":"2025-02-09T17:32:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/?p=3377"},"modified":"2025-02-11T10:46:57","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T10:46:57","slug":"gustave-eiffel-et-le-scandale-du-panama","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/gustave-eiffel-et-le-scandale-du-panama\/","title":{"rendered":"Gustave Eiffel et le scandale du Panama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3377\" class=\"elementor elementor-3377\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c14c11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3c14c11\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abf6fef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abf6fef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Obligations-a-lots-1024x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3381\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Obligations-a-lots-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Obligations-a-lots-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Obligations-a-lots-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Obligations-a-lots.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c7e6e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3c7e6e2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5b078 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f5b078\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f5de35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f5de35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'histoire en quelques lignes<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fc1f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fc1f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ferdinand de Lesseps, dont la constructiondu canal de Suez lui donne une renomm\u00e9e mondiale se fait un honneur de construire le canal du Panama de 77km de long reliant les oc\u00e9ans Atlantique et Pacifique. Etude bacl\u00e9e, travaux irr\u00e9alisables , actionnaires ruin\u00e9s, c&rsquo;est la faillite d\u00e9bouchant sur un proc\u00e8s. Les am\u00e9ricains reprennent la construction en 1903 jusque 1914.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d9132b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d9132b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1d54ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1d54ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e9clate au grand jour le 20 novembre 1892<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7145df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7145df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Le journal \u00ab\u00a0La Libre Parole\u00a0\u00bb par une s\u00e9rie d&rsquo;articles met en cause un vaste syst\u00e8me de corruption mis en place par la compagnie de Ferdinand De Lesseps pour la construction du canal de Panama. Sont accus\u00e9s des hommes politiques, des financiers, des journalistes et des entrepreneurs. G Eiffel ne sera pas \u00e9pargn\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3646432 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3646432\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b549909 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b549909\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ec25cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ec25cf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3629900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"3629900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3377 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3629900\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Le grelot\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQzOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0xlLWdyZWxvdC5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzNjI5OTAwIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot.jpg'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"204\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot-204x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot-695x1024.jpg 695w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot-768x1131.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Le-grelot.jpg 913w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4f7d0a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4f7d0a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a18f9b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a18f9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gustave Eiffel,  le sauveur sera condamn\u00e9 malgr\u00e9 lui<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ee50ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ee50ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>6 ans apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des travaux, Gustave Eiffel conclu un accord avec Ferdinand de Lesseps pour l&rsquo;\u00e9x\u00e9cution de 10 \u00e9cluses\u00a0 pour une navigation provisoire\u00a0 et sauver la situation catastrophique du canal. Une somme de 18 millions de frs\u00a0 vers\u00e9e \u00e0 Gustave Eiffel le conduira devant les tribunaux.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-924eed6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"924eed6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d81be elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5d81be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e25c46d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e25c46d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-119870c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"119870c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Retour sur le projet pharaonique de Ferdinand de Lesseps<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d980a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9d980a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b8f77 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87b8f77\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb2c9c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5eb2c9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>L&rsquo;id\u00e9e de relier les deux oc\u00e9ans par un canal creus\u00e9 en Am\u00e9rique centrale remonte au XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Fin 1876, une exp\u00e9dition internationale initi\u00e9 par la France sillonne cette r\u00e9gion \u00e9troite entre les deux oc\u00e9ans et soumet son rapport pour diff\u00e9rents projets de canal.<\/strong><br \/><strong>En mai 1879, le Congr\u00e8s international d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes du Canal interoc\u00e9anique s&rsquo;ouvre devant 136 convives de diff\u00e9rents pays dont 76 fran\u00e7ais. 11 projets \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dont 6 par l&rsquo;isthme de Panama.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8031653 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8031653\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c8cd41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c8cd41\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d81d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"d0d81d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-3377 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d0d81d2\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Carte du Canal de Panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0NhcnRlLWR1LUNhbmFsLWRlLVBhbmFtYS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJkMGQ4MWQyIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Carte-du-Canal-de-Panama.jpg'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Carte-du-Canal-de-Panama-300x188.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Carte-du-Canal-de-Panama-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Carte-du-Canal-de-Panama.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-396cb94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"396cb94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Carte actuelle avec \u00e9cluses<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ba76c2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ba76c2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd3802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd3802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ferdinand de Lesseps, fin limier avait tout pr\u00e9m\u00e9dit\u00e9, ayant convi\u00e9 des membres\u00a0 acquis \u00e0 sa cause. Son projet \u00e0 niveau constant (sans \u00e9cluses) fut retenu. 78: oui\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8: non\u00a0 12: abstentions\u00a0 38: absents. Sachant que les\u00a0 voix contre provenaient des membres de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des ing\u00e9nieurs civils dont Gustave Eiffel, fervents d\u00e9fenseurs du projet avec \u00e9cluses.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db4226e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"db4226e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a2623d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a2623d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1er mensonge de Ferdinand de Lesseps<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bc4e77 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1bc4e77\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aea069c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aea069c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9806dc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9806dc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>le Congr\u00e8s international avait \u00e9valu\u00e9 \u00e0 1,2 milliards de Frs le co\u00fbt du canal et \u00e0 12 ans de travaux. Une souscription pour un capital de 400 millions de frs est lanc\u00e9e les 6 et 7 ao\u00fbt 1879 divis\u00e9e en 800 000 actions de 500Frs. 60 000 seulement seront vendues. Devant cet insucc\u00e8s,\u00a0 Ferdinand de Lesseps lance une grande campagne publicitaire autour du projet avec l&rsquo;aide de la presse et des politiques et\u00a0 un nouveau co\u00fbt de construction \u00e9tait miraculeusement apparu de 512 millions de Frs et la dur\u00e9e \u00e9tait pass\u00e9 de 12 \u00e0 8 ans.\u00a0 Une soucription de 300 millions trouve preneur et en f\u00e9vrier 1881 les travaux de percement peuvent commencer.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3460f90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3460f90\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b7ee5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1b7ee5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"833\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/F-de-Lesseps-833x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3395\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/F-de-Lesseps-833x1024.jpg 833w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/F-de-Lesseps-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/F-de-Lesseps-768x944.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/F-de-Lesseps.jpg 860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9690d19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9690d19\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85e9866 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85e9866\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Devant la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du chantier<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aed599a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"aed599a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6661313 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6661313\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c045f0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c045f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cette r\u00e9gion tr\u00e8s escarp\u00e9e est entour\u00e9e de montagnes, de lacs, et de zones mar\u00e9cageuses.<\/strong><br \/><strong>L&rsquo;excavation de millions de m3 de terre en sol instable \u00e9tait sans cesse revue \u00e0 la hausse sachant qu&rsquo;\u00e0 certains endroits le niveau se situait \u00e0 26m au dessus\u00a0 de la mer.\u00a0<br \/>Durant 6 mois de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e les pluies torrentielles retardaient consid\u00e9rablement les\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-285cc5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"285cc5c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b811b34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"b811b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-3377 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"b811b34\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"D\u00e9nivel\u00e9 du canal de panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzM4NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL0Rlbml2ZWxlLWR1LWNhbmFsLWRlLXBhbmFtYS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJiODExYjM0In0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Denivele-du-canal-de-panama.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Denivele-du-canal-de-panama-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-008463d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"008463d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cce44e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cce44e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>travaux, le niveau de la rivi\u00e8re Chagres montait de plusieurs m\u00e8tres en quelques heures. Beaucoup d\u2019excavations ont subi des \u00e9boulements\u00a0 d\u00fbes aux sols instables en raison des zones mar\u00e9cageuses, sables mouvants et des pluies torrentielles et an\u00e9antissant le travail effectu\u00e9.<br \/>Mais le plus dramatique \u00e9taient les conditions de travail humaines et les maladies tropicales qui ont tu\u00e9 20 \u00e0 25 000 ouvriers.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Ferdinand de Lesseps n&rsquo; a pas tenu compte de la typographie et du climat \u00e9pouvantable de la r\u00e9gion. On \u00e9tait pas en Egypte, le canal de Suez s&rsquo;est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 sur un terrain plat et d\u00e9sertique.<br \/>Bilan, en 1887, 6 ans apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des travaux, le journal New York H\u00e9rald infome que le co\u00fbt initial \u00e9tait largement d\u00e9pass\u00e9 et que plus\u00a0 d&rsquo; 1\/3 du percement n&rsquo;avait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-858b020 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"858b020\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6af6e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"d6af6e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-3377 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d6af6e3\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"1888-06 Avancement des travaux. Canal du Panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQwNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcLzE4ODgtMDYtQ2FuYWwtMi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJkNmFmNmUzIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-2.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d6af6e3\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"1888-06 Avancement des travaux. Canal du Panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQwNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcLzE4ODgtMDYtQ2FuYWwtNC5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJkNmFmNmUzIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-4.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-4-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d6af6e3\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"1888-06 Avancement des travaux. Canal du Panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQwMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcLzE4ODgtMDYtQ2FuYWwtMy5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJkNmFmNmUzIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-3.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-3-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"d6af6e3\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"1888-06 Avancement des travaux. Canal du Panama\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQwMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcLzE4ODgtMDYtQ2FuYWwtMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiJkNmFmNmUzIn0%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/1888-06-Canal-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f67fff1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f67fff1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcc9a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fcc9a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appel \u00e0 Gustave Eiffel <\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8f4fae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8f4fae\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cb74da e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9cb74da\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5ab3f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5ab3f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but 1887, le projet de canaux \u00e0 \u00e9cluses r\u00e9apparait sachant que Gustave Eiffel, visionnaire hors pair, restait \u00e0 l\u2019aff\u00fbt et d\u00e8s 1886, il savait que son choix r\u00e9apparaitrait un jour et avait \u00e9tabli des \u00e9tudes et financement avec l\u2019aide de connaissance influentes.<\/strong><br \/><strong><span style=\"font-style: inherit; text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3);\">Le 10 d\u00e9cembre 1887,\u00a0 sollicit\u00e9, Gustave Eiffel signe un contrat avec Charles de Lesseps, fils de Ferdinand de Lesseps pour l\u2019\u00e9xecution de 10 \u00e9cluses\u00a0 pour une navigation provisoire\u00a0 pendant l\u2019ach\u00e8vement des travaux d\u2019excavation pour le montant de 103 millions de frs dans un d\u00e9lai de 30 mois.\u00a0<br \/><\/span>Une somme de 18 millions sera vers\u00e9e \u00e0 Gustave Eiffel sans aucun contr\u00f4le.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Il n&rsquo;effectuera aucun travaux.\u00a0<\/strong><strong><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a1b507 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a1b507\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6890b82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6890b82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Gustave-Eiffel-240x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3409\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Gustave-Eiffel-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Gustave-Eiffel-768x958.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Gustave-Eiffel.jpg 784w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450c536 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"450c536\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d7844 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82d7844\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le c\u00f4t\u00e9 financier<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7ab437 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d7ab437\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a511026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a511026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Le 3 mars 1881, constitution de la Compagnie universelle du canal interoc\u00e9anique avec un capital de 300 millions de fr qui s&rsquo;av\u00e8re tr\u00e8s rapidement insuffisant.<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; 7 septembre 1882 : Emprunts sous forme d\u2019obligations : 109 millions de Frs<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; 3 octobre 1883\u00a0 171 millions de Frs<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; 25 septembre 1884\u00a0 145 millions de Frs<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; 3 ao\u00fbt 1886\u00a0 206 millions de Frs<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211; 26 juillet 1887 114 millions de Frs<\/strong><br \/><strong>Un nouvel emprunt n&rsquo;apporte de 35 millions de Frs\u00a0<\/strong><br \/><strong>Ferdinand de Lesseps demande l\u2019autorisation d\u2019\u00e9mettre des obligations \u00e0 lots mais n\u2019obtient pas les r\u00e9sultats escompt\u00e9s. 305 millions sont souscrits pour 720 millions demand\u00e9s.<br \/>Le montant total atteignait 1,4 milliards de Frs.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Le 14 d\u00e9cembre 1888, le conseil d\u2019administration d\u00e9cide de suspendre ses paiements.<br \/>le 5 f\u00e9vrier 1889, le tribunal civil de la Seine pronon\u00e7a la dissolution de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<br \/><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e682cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e682cd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44ed3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a44ed3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u2019affaire \u00e9clate au grand jour<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a0457 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26a0457\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a549124 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a549124\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a4a38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a4a38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Le 20 novembre 1892, Edouard Drumont, publie dans le journal nationaliste et antis\u00e9mite\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0<em>La Libre Parole<\/em>\u00ab\u00a0, \u00ab <em>Les dessous de Panama<\/em> \u00bb. Une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles mettent en cause un vaste syst\u00e8me de corruption mis en place par la Compagnie et impliquant des hommes politiques, des financiers, des journalistes et des entrepreneurs. Gustave Eiffel ne sera pas \u00e9pargn\u00e9.<\/strong><br \/><strong>la Compagnie a monnay\u00e9 le vote d\u2019un certain nombre de parlementaires et distribu\u00e9 de l\u2019argent dans tous les milieux, y compris celui de la presse. Une instruction est ouverte contre Ferdinand et Charles de Lesseps.<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce3abc9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ce3abc9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a91862 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8a91862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Drumont-206x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3419\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Drumont-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Drumont-702x1024.jpg 702w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Drumont.jpg 756w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c1ad1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11c1ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Edouard Drumont<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b227f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b227f53\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7083c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7083c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dans la nuit du 19 au 20 novembre 1892, le banquier Jacques de Reinach, ami de Gustave Eiffel a \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9 mort chez lui.<br \/><\/strong><strong>L\u00e9opold Arton qui a monnay\u00e9 le vote d\u2019une centaine de d\u00e9put\u00e9s\u00a0 s\u2019enfuient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. <br \/>Une commission parlementaire est nomm\u00e9e. le gouvernement Loubet est renvers\u00e9. Les noms des 104\u00a0 hommes politiques qui se sont laiss\u00e9s corrompre en acceptant des ch\u00e8ques, sont publi\u00e9s.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Le 16 d\u00e9cembre 1892,\u00a0 arrestation de Marius Fontane, Charles de Lesseps, Henri Cottu. <\/strong><strong>En raison de son \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9\u00a0\u00a0 Ferdinand de Lesseps\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>alors ag\u00e9 de 87 ans, malade\u00a0 sera \u00e9pargn\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3715ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a3715ec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da3bbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5da3bbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le proc\u00e8s<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84542f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f84542f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0467da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0467da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>10 Janvier 1893\u00a0 ouverture du proc\u00e8s qui aura ruin\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 90 000 souscripteurs.<br \/>Se retrouvent sur le banc des accus\u00e9s, Ferdinand (Absent) et Charles de Lesseps,\u00a0 Marius Fontane et Henri Cottu.<br \/>Gustave\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Eifel \u00e9tait seul \u00e0 compara\u00eetre libre accompagn\u00e9 de son avocat Waldeck-Rousseau.<br \/><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Ferdinand et Charles de Lesseps furent condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 5 ans de prison et 3 000 Frs d&rsquo;amende pour\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">escroquerie et d\u2019abus de confiance\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3);\">(Ferdinand de Lesseps, malade ne sera pas incarc\u00e9r\u00e9.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Marius Fontane et Henri Cottu\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">furent condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 2 ans de prison et 3 000 Frs d&rsquo;amende pour\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">escroquerie et d\u2019abus de confiance<br \/><\/span><strong>Gustave Eiffel de complicit\u00e9 d\u2019escroquerie et d\u2019abus de confiance.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab67418 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab67418\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf25457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf25457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gustave Eiffel<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf2a0b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bf2a0b0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c9bf4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c9bf4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Le 9 f\u00e9vrier 1893, G Eiffel est condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 2 ann\u00e9es d\u2019emprisonnement et 20 000Fs d\u2019amende pour complicit\u00e9 d\u2019escroquerie et d\u2019abus de confiance. Mais il restera libre.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Le 15 juin 1893, la cour de cassation casse et annule l\u2019arr\u00eat du 9 f\u00e9vrier, il est libre mais non blanchi.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Il tenta maintes fois de justifier son r\u00f4le, mais il lui \u00e9tait reproch\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00eatre le seul\u00a0 \u00e0 tirer b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de ce d\u00e9sastre qui a par ailleurs ruin\u00e9 de tr\u00e8s nombreux petits \u00e9pargnants.<br \/>Apr\u00e8s ces ann\u00e9es de proc\u00e9dure ou son image s\u2019est fort d\u00e9grad\u00e9, il quittera\u00a0 le milieu industriel\u00a0 <br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a04ed5c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a04ed5c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5bc62c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f5bc62c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb5158 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bb5158\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2a9fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da2a9fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le canal du Panama et les am\u00e9ricains<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95de034 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"95de034\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-857fb5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"857fb5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pour 40 millions les Etats Unis rach\u00e8tent les droits de l\u2019entreprise fran\u00e7aise et concluent un accord en 1903 avec la Colombie, territoire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque du Panama. Des conflits surgissent concernant ce territoire Panam\u00e9en, les Etats Unis soutiennent le mouvement ind\u00e9pendantiste panam\u00e9en qui obtient l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. <\/strong><strong>Les Etats Unis\u00a0 prennent le contr\u00f4le du Panama\u00a0par le trait\u00e9 Hay-Bunau-Varilla garantissant une protection militaire pour le Panama et une dissuation militaire \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9gard de la\u00a0 Colombie en cas de reconqu\u00eate.<br \/><\/strong><strong>La construction du canal reprend dans une configuration avec 3 \u00e9cluses et l\u2019inauguration s\u2019effectuera en 1913.<br \/><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Les am\u00e9ricains avaient d\u00e9limit\u00e9 une zone de 8km de large y installant des bases am\u00e9ricaines, d\u00e9clenchant un m\u00e9contentement du peuple Panam\u00e9en voyant leur territoire perdu et\u00a0 des profits principalement pour la\u00a0 cause am\u00e9ricaine.<br \/><\/strong><strong>De nombreuses manifestations se sont succ\u00e9d\u00e9es. Des affrontements on eut lieu en 1858 et en janvier 1964 faisant 20 morts parmi les panam\u00e9ens. <br \/><\/strong><strong>Suite \u00e0 cela Roberto Chiari, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019\u00e9poque suspendit les accords afin de d\u00e9boucher sur un nouveau trait\u00e9 restaurant la souverainet\u00e9 panam\u00e9enne.<br \/>Des ann\u00e9es de n\u00e9gociation ont d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 en 1977 un accord sign\u00e9 par Jimmy Carter pour une fin progressive\u00a0 de la gestion am\u00e9ricaine et une restitution au Panama qui sera officialis\u00e9 le 31 d\u00e9cembre 1999.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c2bb83 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1c2bb83\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644519c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"644519c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<div id='gallery-5' class='gallery galleryid-3377 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"644519c\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Panama Canal 1914\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQzNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL1BhbmFtYS1DYW5hbC0xOTE0LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjY0NDUxOWMifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914-300x169.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914-1024x578.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914-768x434.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1914.jpg 1148w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"644519c\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Panama Canal 1907\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzQzNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3d3dy5naWx3cm8uZnJcLzE5ZVNpZWNsZVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMDJcL1BhbmFtYS1DYW5hbC0xOTA3LmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjY0NDUxOWMifQ%3D%3D\" href='https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"291\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907-291x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907-291x300.jpg 291w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907-994x1024.jpg 994w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907-768x791.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama-Canal-1907.jpg 1163w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a669e6c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a669e6c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb652fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb652fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aujourd'hui<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b19695 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4b19695\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e308a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e308a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pr\u00e8s de 15 000 navires transportant 450 millions de tonnes de cargaison\u00a0 empruntent chaque ann\u00e9e le canal de Panama. Des pilotes qualifi\u00e9s se chargent de la navigation sur les 80km du passage.<br \/><\/strong><strong>Aujourd\u2019hui le canal rapporte 2 milliards de $ par an.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Aujourd\u2019hui le canal\u00a0 du Panama refait parler de lui avec le pr\u00e9sident Donald Trump qui d\u00e9sire en reprendre le contr\u00f4le.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f29eb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4f29eb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3437\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama1-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Panama1-768x431.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5075b1c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5075b1c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbe4e5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdbe4e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03f8810 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"03f8810\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a77bfa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a77bfa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Et si  le fran\u00e7ais Alphonse Godin de L\u00e9pinay avait construit le canal du Panama<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e707371 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e707371\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0832a3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0832a3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd0fbaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd0fbaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>En mai 1879, lors du Congr\u00e8s international d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes du Canal interoc\u00e9anique, parmi les 11 projets, le fran\u00e7ais Alphonse Godin de L\u00e9pinay s&rsquo;est vu refuser son projet \u00e0 \u00e9cluses, 500 millions moins couteux que celui de Ferdinand de Lesseps et poss\u00e9dant une connaissance des r\u00e9gions tropicales de l&rsquo;Am\u00e9rique centrale<\/strong><br \/><strong>Pour d\u00e9fendre son projet, Alphonse Godin de L\u00e9pinay dit lors du vote: <em><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">\u00ab\u00a0Co\u00fbtant 500 millions de moins que le canal \u00e0 niveau (= celui de Lesseps), il (= le canal \u00e0 \u00e9cluses de L\u00e9pinay) est le seul, d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s les am\u00e9ricains, qui puisse r\u00e9mun\u00e9rer les capitaux. Enfin, et cela est le plus consid\u00e9rable, pour moi qui ai fait ex\u00e9cuter des travaux <\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-819eb38 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"819eb38\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8844eb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8844eb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Godin-270x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3442\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Godin-270x300.jpg 270w, https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Godin.jpg 714w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d9add e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"76d9add\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a446c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51a446c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">en Am\u00e9rique tropicale, en r\u00e9duisant les travaux insalubres \u00e0 leur minimum, il \u00e9pargne la vie \u00e0 plus de 50 000 hommes, sacrifi\u00e9s sans utilit\u00e9, dans l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution du canal \u00e0 niveau\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academie-sciences.fr\/pdf\/discours\/s110616_meunier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-align: var(--text-align); background-color: var(--ast-global-color-4); color: var(--ast-global-color-3); font-size: 1rem;\">Source<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Le cours de l&rsquo;histoire serait chang\u00e9 d&rsquo;autant que la reprise de la construction\u00a0 suivait scrupuleuresement les plans de Alphonse Godin de L\u00e9pinay. La France, les souscripteurs nen aurait tir\u00e9 que des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et des dizaine de milliers de vies auraient \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9pargn\u00e9es.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9ecd26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9ecd26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Source<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b0ef70a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b0ef70a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5828158c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5828158c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d6635a elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3d6635a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Le%20scandale%20du%20Panama%20A.%20Zevaes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Lien-www.gif\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2114\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Le%20scandale%20du%20Panama%20A.%20Zevaes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Le scandale du Panama <\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">de Alexandre . Zevaes\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a474845 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a474845\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357e853 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"357e853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Les%20scandales%20du%20Panama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Lien-www.gif\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2114\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Les%20scandales%20du%20Panama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Les scandales du Panama<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Le Panama devant la chambre<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97afff5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"97afff5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9b3e elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"52e9b3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Apercu%20%20%20difficult\u00e9s%20%20%20dans%20la%20construction.%20du%20canal%20de%20Panama%201887.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/www.gilwro.fr\/19eSiecle\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Lien-www.gif\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2114\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"http:\/\/Gilwro.fr\/Expo.U\/PDF\/Panama\/Apercu%20%20%20difficult\u00e9s%20%20%20dans%20la%20construction.%20du%20canal%20de%20Panama%201887.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Aper\u00e7u de quelques  difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 vaincre . Canal de Panama <\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">1887<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;histoire en quelques lignes Ferdinand de Lesseps, dont la constructiondu canal de Suez lui donne une renomm\u00e9e mondiale se fait [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,11,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-province","category-monde","category-personnages"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Gustave Eiffel et le scandale du Panama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gustave Eiffel et le scandale du Panama. 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